Drowning :: essays research papers

Drowning is the second leading cause of injury deaths of infants and children younger than 15 years old in the United States. I know many of you may have small children and relatives so this may be of some interest to you. A personal experience happened to me when I was around seven years old. I still can remember it like yesterday. This incident almost cost me my life, I was disobedient and it still has a big effect on me now. This little act of mine caused a lot of stress to many people, I was seven years old and at the time I was the only child. I stayed with my mother and my step-dad. We lived in the trailer parks; I was at the babysitter’s house and she had two teenage sons. One was named Tim and the other Derrick, and I wanted to be like them. It was a hot summer day, and Tim and Derrick went swimming at the pool up at the front of the trailer park. I asked the babysitter could I go she said, â€Å"NO!† This made me very upset because I couldn’t go to the pool with her sons. She told me the reason why I couldn’t go was because she was in charge of me and she wasn’t going to be up there watching me. I wasn’t really caring about what she was talking about. She went into the kitchen and was making me some lunch while I was on the sofa. After lunch was ready I ate all my food and told her that I was going outside to play with the dog. I went out to play with Face; she was a full breed pit bull, but she liked me. After about an hour of being bored outside playing by myself, I began to think of a way I could sneak to the pool. I went inside the house without being seen and put on my swimming trunks. Running as fast as I could I left out the house and sprinted to the pool. I was so happy I was finally at the pool, so I walked around the pool once and took off my shoes and shirt. Not knowing I was at the deep end of the pool I ran and jumped into the pool. Straight to the bottom I went. All of a sudden in one blink my fun turned into a scare. It was the water and me and I didn’t know how to swim. So I was gasping for air all I could see

Analysing the results of the Private Finance Initiative (PFI)

This article considers the consequences of the Private Finance Initiative ( PFI ) and public interface in the United Kingdom ‘s public services. Along with briefly reexamining anterior research based upon the subjects proposed by Broadbent and Laughlin ( 1999 ) , this article suggests a control system need to make incentive to private houses in recent old ages.IntroductionIn these twenty-four hours and age, the issue of control and legalizing in authorities procedure is debated widely. The Private Financial Initiative strategy which has been given the power over the fiscal resource whether has been good strategy to cut down cost and portion the hazard with authorities. In the society, people who are working closely with implementing controls tend to hold their ain opportunism. By looking at the society as whole system that carried with it certain demands from assorted parts, different function has different involvement that must be fulfilled ( Emile Durkheim ) . Organizational maps are to advance integrating, stableness, consensus and balance.Key IssueWho is accountable? To whom? Is the PFI is the good strategy? Is that PFI independency? Government control power? Control lead to command?Private finance enterprise ( PFI )In 1992, UK authorities seeks private sector to assist out the populace sector development with big graduated table and economic sciences cognition. There are two elements of which private sector have involved: finance and operation. In this essay we focus on the private finance enterprise ( PFI ) which is a method of funding major capital investings that less affecting the public fund ( cf. Broadbent & A ; Laughlin, 1999 ; Broad Broad et al. , 2000 ) and that motivate the private sector to be more cost effectual in the design, building and subsequent operation of many public sector undertakings ( McKendrick and McCabe 1997 ) .The aim and intent of PFIThe PFI system was created with the intent to put in capital without enforcing revenue enhancements, raising debts or deviating cost from other precedences. It acts as an mediator between authorities and private sectors to offer better value for money than public resource by comm anding the undertaking over its life-time. By sharing answerabilities with private sectors, authorities can cut down the hazard and increase benefit to public ( Broadbent et al. , 2000, p 23 ) .Accomplishment of PFIIn term of power, PFI has Institutional power which relies on an external legal or regulative base from which power derives. They can hold the power to force providers and contractors to cut down the monetary value and better public presentation. They besides can make economic systems of graduated table by commanding Numberss of private contracts. PFI has proven to be effectual in the yesteryear for illustration, during 1992 and 2003, 563 PFI undertakings with a capital value of ?35.5 billion achieve fiscal near with most of them being decided after 1997 ( Her Majesty ‘s Treasury ( HMT ) 2003 ) . From 1995 to 2002, the one-year PFI plan has increased from nine undertakings numbering ?667 million to 65 undertakings valued at ?7.6 billion ( HMT 2003 ) . Estimate by 2010 it is around 200 undertakings with a entire value of ?26 billion will be closed ( HMT 2006 ) . Without the aid of private sectors, authorities would hold paid tantamount sum of fund to supply public service ( Gaffney et al.A BMJ.1999 ; 319: 116-119 ) .Accountability and control of PFIPFI was given the power of fiscal resources from authorities ; hence, they are accountable to authorities as an agent. In other words, they have duty to the work provided ( Gray, 1983 ) . Consequently, chief transportations finance every bit good as the right to specify and acc ount what is appropriate to agents. The PFI trades have been drying up. The figure of trades completed in 2009 was about the worst of 10 old ages period ( FT 2010 ) . The first ground is private sector houses require higher net incomes for anticipating high hazard. Therefore, PFI can non finish the trades with the limited budget that authorities set. During the fiscal crisis, the cost of adoption has been increasing. In fact, private sector involvement rates of borrowing are much higher than the authorities adoption because there is hazard of default. PFI ‘s undertaking has lower net income due to involvement refunds is higher than if it had been borrowed by the authorities. That means they increase the hazard oppose to authorities. Controling the beginning of finance, the agents are accountable for their determination as the one duty to execute a certain map. Accountability may be dictated or implied by jurisprudence, ordinance, or understanding or outlook. The agents have to bear the effects for failure public presentation as they are accountable for ( Hoskin, K. 1996 ) . Even though, Hoskin ( Hoskin, K. 1996 ) said agents have to take duty for their action, in March 2009, the planetary fiscal crisis created the trouble in support, theA TreasuryA established an Infrastructure Finance Unit in order to guarantee the continuance of PFI undertakings ( Timmins, N, 2009 ) . Furthermore, Government has bail out ?30m for a 2nd PFI undertaking make up the sum of a ?700m wasted in May 2009 ( Webb, Tim, 2009 ) . In fact, the trades from PFI are unreplaceable even though they need to be bail out. However, the PFI debt can non be refinanced without being punished ( Worcester News 2009 ) . There will be punishments to PFI for outdate and out budget. Consequently, PFI will take responsible for those losingss in forepart of authorities for punishments while authorities has to confront the duties to public society.ControlPrinciples have been given the power to PFI to command the finance resource as the agents and ‘Control is the procedure by which directors assure that resources are obtained and used efficaciously and expeditiously in the achievement of the organisation ‘s aims ‘ ( Anthony, 1988 ) . The issue is whether agents prove themselves good strategy or non. PFI claim to supply control system that can do good usage of resource such as: Legislation punishment act as a motivation for houses to complete undertakings on clip and within budget Private contractors are accountable for care disbursals there is motive for high quality building. Private sectors are better directors with better cognition of market and economic systems of graduated table. PFI can transportations put on the line from the authorities to houses. Firms receive net income as the wages for hazard pickings. PFI has chosen the high hazard undertaking However, the bureau theory defined ; there is the possibility that the agent ignore the wants of rule. The ground is PFI has their ain involvement and private information that authorities has no control. The authorities has no control over the twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours basic activities of the PFI, so that they can conceal the information from authorities. By secret contract with private houses they can profit themselves as mediators ( ICAEW-2009 ) . Furthermore, from interpretative position point, agent has their ain civilization to derive benefit as for private enterprise. Culture is something we portion and impact our thought and behaviour. It ‘s besides affected the work organisation, change the manner of construing strategy and reiterate the same everyday brand people wont and behaviour ( Smircich, 1983 ) . Unlike public sector organisations, net income motivation is the motive of private sector. They need to last, develop and be profitable ; hence, they need to carry through their demand foremost when they complete the undertaking given by authorities. Furthermore, PFI become obsolescence because people get used to the environment and status. Therefore, they are non cognizant of the un-certainty hazards. Believing their expertness and disregard the hazard lead to an impulse for the authorities bailout. It can be seen that power of authorities might non alter the civilization of organisation. â€Å" The mission to enforce a new ‘culture ‘ on public sector organisations via structural solutions based on market theory frequently fails to analyse the old civilization or the implicit in value constructions and administrative political relations † ( Gray & A ; Jenkins, 1995 ) . Control systems must be sensitive to organisational civilization. Those running counter to civilization are improbable to be successful ( Hofstede, 1981 ) . Therefore, the authorities has allowed the PFI to run as they have been. On the other manus, one of the cardinal statements is that authorities can command the bureau through societies and organisations force per unit area. For illustration, authorities can present statute law over term and status of contracts or status of economic system such as involvement rate, duty and so on. ( Broadbent 2003 ) As an agent PFI work under the authorities wants but non as they suppose to, hence, their system become obsolescence and incapable to accommodate. A undertaking bringing theoretical account which focuses less on advanced result and produces installations might non be able to cover with future alterations in demand ( James Barlow, Martina Koberle Gaiser 2008 ) . The money from populace has been wasted. Taking NHS as an illustration they have wasted ?350m a twelvemonth on outside direction advisers at their ain disbursals, while taxpayer wage one million millions to companies who gain benefit in the NHS from PFI.A ( Guardian Feb 2010 ) . In my sentiment, PFI is good strategy for public involvement as they have been supplying aid and support major capital investings, without trusting on immediate assistance from public beginnings. However as bureau theory defined, their work is non efficient as they proclaim because of obsolescence, their ain involvement and other forces ( Baiman1982 ) .GovernmentGovernment answerabilities & A ; controlGovernment has been given power by society through voting so they are accountable to public involvement. In the power theory ( extremist paradigm ) , authorities have gain tremendous power to command over the society. They have the ability to act upon behavior, change the path of events, victory over opposition, and acquire people to make things that they would non make ( Pfeffer, 1992 ) . As a rule of PFI, they have the power to command PFI, their public presentation and procedure. For illustration, in 2009, the authorities changes the accounting criterion ( FT, 2010 ) to accommodate with international accounting. Government politically, forms the manner to roll up more item of how PFI is treating, and should treat in pattern. The authorities besides steer the society utilizing ordinances and societal systems. ( Broadbent & A ; Laughlin, 1997 ) Although, as indicated above, PFI might conceal some information from rule, authorities has other manner to command their item provided with National Audit Office ( NAO ) . By supplying the auditing over PFI undertaking, they can cut down the disregards of bureau with private information. Consequently, authorities can command PFI public consequences as they please and force PFI to follow authorities wants. However, the authorities has control over PFI while the bailout has been increasing quickly. The ground is because their system has less effectual. Mark Mattison discussed that PFI has been provided its best value docket in term of clip, cost of capital and related consequences ( Mark Mattison 2009 ) . The possible ground is NAO is besides an agent so that the authorities might non be able to acquire clasp of PFI public study. An bureau theory â€Å" suggests that principals have lack grounds to swear their agents. The proprietor will happen to decide these concerns by seting nontrivial monitoring costs to aline the involvements of agents with principals and to cut down the range for information dissymmetries and timeserving behaviour † ( ICAEW-2009 ) . The authorities can swear in NAO and PFI study or they need to hold another company to look over. Additionally, authorities has less cognition of expertness than private houses. They tend to concentrate more on the work and politic instead than economic. Therefore, the program has failed to coerce PFI to take the utmost hazard with low return. Furthermore, private house demand to be motivated in order to execute better. By motivate agents, rule can have better consequences. Taking one mill, Hitachi used direct labour hours as overhead allotment base to make inducement for mechanization ; they cut down their cost and increase their end product ( Hiromoto, 1991 ) . From public point of position, the control over authorities was low because public merely can vote one time over 4 old ages for the party to take control. They gain control over the states so that populace has no control over twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours basic of authorities.The job of managerial and political answerabilityGovernment with the power of political as a consequence of their power base in planetary capital markets which was achieved through their function in the allotment of excess value ( Armstrong, 1987 ) . They provide public with context of control over PFI. Stewart ( 1984 ) suggests that managerial and political answerability as different degrees. A cardinal statement is that authoritiess merely accountable in a political, instead than managerial term. Consequently, authorities makes an increasing in ways of control over society. Because of their alone power in society, which their being is depending on how they exercise control over society, anything they do has a controlling result. In combination with a deficiency of twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours control by the election, which has power to vote these organic structures but without a power to order practical action, leaves authoritiess in a unambiguously powerful place. ( Jane Broadbent and Richard Laughlin 2003 ) Furthermore, authorities civilization is politic. They can non merely alter their behavior to managerial merely to command the system of PFI ( Hofstede, 1980 -1983 ) . The civilization of public sector was showed as â€Å" the mission to enforce a new ‘culture ‘ on public sector organisations via structural solutions based on market theory frequently fails to analyze the old civilization or the implicit in value constructions and administrative political relations † ( Gray & A ; Jenkins, 1995 ) .DecisionIn my sentiment, with the power to command PFI through many signifiers in the society, authorities makes them less incentive and mutuality on authorities and associate. Government is under low control of society, so they do non take the duty as a managerial but political.Discussion of the control systemIn the terminal, the staying inquiry is â€Å" Do command take to command † . Equally far as I am concern, the reply can be no. First, bureau job is a affair of struggles between ego involvements, therefore, bureau theory seeks to equilibrate the differences to find the optimum contract for an agent ‘s service ( Eppen, 1987 ) . However, the inquiry is can people swear the control of control ( Baiman 1982 ) . Because as NAO is an audit they still an agent of authorities, they might supply inaccurate study to authorities. Furthermore, the public point of position is NAO is besides under the control of authorities so that the study they provide can non be trusted. Second, the ground is stress make people less motivate. As the essay indicated earlier PFI tend to work less expeditiously. They follow the authorities order alternatively of making what they should make. That makes the system become obsolescence. Another alternate paradigm for direction control & A ; answerability is that people are dominated by the ideological superstructures with which they interact. The civilization of organisation depends on the outgrowth of shared interpretative strategies, expressed in linguistic communication and other symbolic buildings that develop through societal interaction. Such strategies provide the footing for shared systems of intending that allow twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activities to go indispensable modus operandis or civilization ( Smircich, 1983 ) . Consequently, the alteration in control can take to a depression. On the other manus, the public organisations such as HMT, NAO and the Office of Government Commerce ( OGC ) have made recommendations to better the operation of the strategy. They bring the control to PFI coerce them to work with the punishments as an inducement to execute in clip and budget. ( J Laffont and D Martimort 2002 ) Contingency theory implies that different systems should be adopted in response to different environmental conditions and claims that there is no 1 best manner to do a determination ( Otley, D. 1980 ) hence, any determination that has been made irrespective of its suitableness at the clip, will still be capable to the environmental and external impacts, hence appropriate contingent programs needs to be established to take into history the hazards that are likely to originate in order to outdo brush the uncertainnesss lies beyond. As each method has its restriction we should be cognizant, Variable factors will impact the concern in different ways. Therefore, there is no best manner to pull off organisation when doing a determination.DecisionIn decision, the control procedure demands to be analyzed better before the authorities introduces new control procedure. It depends on the state of affairs and civilization of houses they control. Looking at different literature, I can reason that Government are to a great extent involved in political undertakings, but are bit by bit involved in direction and supplying private inaugural better influence and do informed determinations on strategic programs, as opposed to merely being tools in the procedure. Therefore, both their involvements align and they can work together towards the same end. This nevertheless does non work if a spread is evident between the two. Accountants will non take much notice of controls if they are non involved in doing informed determinations and covering with direction. In my sentiments, in current economic system the private inaugural demand to acquire motivate instead than control.

Privacy in a Digital World Essay - 844 Words

Privacy in a Digital World The history of privacy in the United States is a storied one. The context of the 4 th Amendment to the Constitution has been debated for years to determine if the â€Å"right to privacy† is a constitutionally guaranteed right. Additionally, many people are technologically ignorant of what behaviors and activities will put them at risk. The â€Å"Carnivore† is a good example of an historic digital technology that generated privacy concerns. The Carnivore was a digital intelligence gathering tool that was supposed to be used by the FBI to fight crime. People’s concerns about the tool were so vocal, however, it was never used. Currently, there are specific laws governing the protection of digital privacy. In†¦show more content†¦Corporations who use data mining techniques in order to more accurately target their products and services sometimes compromise the privacy of the consumers they wish to court. Entire enterprises have been created and sustained by the private sector’s desire to market goods and services to the specific demographic that most closely matches their â€Å"ideal consumer.† While in most cases the pursuit and use of this information is legal, there can be no denying that it compromises the privacy of the consumer, whether they know their privacy is being compromised or not. Government entities that use the provisions of the Patriot Act sometimes compromise the privacy of private citizens in their efforts to safeguard the United States. Examples of this can be found as early as 2003, when the U.S. government used the provisions of the Patriot Act to data mine private information from Las Vegas hotels, acting on a tip that some sort of terrorist activity would take place during the New Year’s celebration. Additionally, the use of illegal wire taps has been documented against the 2 Page 3 U.S. government. The new domestic spying bill will also surely be vetoed if it â€Å"unduly limits the administration’s authority to eavesdrop without warrants.† Personal privacy has been compromised on every level with the advent of the digitization of our society. The availability of personal informationShow MoreRelatedPrivacy Risks in the Digital Age1271 Words   |  6 PagesPrivacy in Digital Age The Risk of Digital Age Indeed, the Digital age has been considered as one of the greatest development of the world today. It has brought different benefits to the lives of people and catered all their needs and wants. As the world gets into crave for things that are â€Å"quick and easy†, the Digital Age had posed threat to people’s privacy and security (Meeks, 2000). The advancement in new technologies and gadgets should not only be considered as something good that came intoRead MoreUsing Digital Data Or Digital Information1262 Words   |  6 Pages In today’s world, people tend to run the majority of their daily errands through the internet. It is easy, convenient, and it saves a lot of time. In one hour someone can make a deposit into his personal bank account, order a medical prescription, pay bills, apply for a loan, get some shopping, and more. All it takes for a customer to be able to do this is having an account with each of this company’s websites. Creating an account is usually a very simple process where the person provides some informationRead MoreInvasion Of Citizens Privacy On Digital Data1620 Words   |  7 PagesInvasion of Citizens’ Privacy on Digital Data In today’s world, people tend to run the majority of their daily errands through the internet. It is very easy, convenient, and it saves a lot of time. In one hour someone can make a deposit into his personal bank account, order a medical prescription, pay bills, apply for a loan, get some shopping, and more. All it takes for a customer to be able to do this is having an account with each of these company’s websites. Creating an account is usually a veryRead More‘Privacy and a Digital Bill of Rights?’1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe world as we know is moving towards a more digital life style, where nearly everything that we own has some sort of electronic component built in it and is able to connect to the Internet. Users are able to browse the web, shop online for their favourite items from stores around the world and post a status update from any of their devices anywhere any time twenty-four hours, seven days a week. On an estimate in just 60 seconds we transmit nearly 640 terabytes of IP data. A major contributor toRead MorePrivacy Of The Digital Age Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesGursimran Singh 100328915 Blair Hemstock Eng. 1100 November 24, 2016 Privacy in Digital Age The digital age provides individuals with numerous ways of innovative opportunities like recording data in an effective manner, electronic banking, online shopping, by violating privacy. Despite what might be expected, the national and global security framework needs components to check programmers and outsider interceptors, who can access delicate data and information, placed in various divisions of theRead MoreUsing Digital Data Or Digital Information1727 Words   |  7 Pages In today’s world, people tend to run the majority of their daily errands through the internet. It is easy, convenient, and it saves a lot of time. In one hour someone can make a deposit into his personal bank account, order a medical prescription, pay bills, apply for a loan, get some shopping, and more. All it takes for a customer to be able to do this is having an account with each of this company’s web sites. Creating an account is usually a very simple process where the person provides someRead MoreThe Value Of Digital Privacy In An Information Technology Age1799 Words   |  7 PagesThe Value of Digital Privacy in an Information Technology Age Introduction Individual citizens rights to digital privacy continue to be to challenged by the increasing need for national security one the one hand, and the increasing digital vigilance many companies are putting into place to protect themselves while learning more about their customers. These factors are a volatile catalyst that continues to change the ethical, legal and personal landscape rights of digital privacy in the informationRead MoreDigital Data And The Internet1611 Words   |  7 Pagescalled: digital data or digital information, which is just any kind of information in digital format. Digital data can be public or private, it can be kept by the medical providers, banks, government, and other organizations; as well as an easily available on the internet on social media websites, etc. However is our data really secure? Along with its many advantages, the advancement of technology presents an encompassing examination network seem almost necessary. We owe enough of the privacy we haveR ead MoreReasons Why I Avoid Social Networking Services996 Words   |  4 PagesServices† and â€Å"How Facebook is Redefining Privacy.† In my opinion, it should be up to the reader what they decide to do on social network services. One should have the intelligence to know what is appropriate to post online and what you want others to know about one’s life. Today’s younger generation is consistently using social media and must be taught Internet etiquette. It is up to everyone what they wish to do with him or her time, privacy, and digital footprint. Dan Fletcher’s conclusion is thatRead MoreA Weekly Magazine Newsweek By Kevin Maney773 Words   |  4 Pagescheck-ins, absent wahtever inner belief drove them. If a soul is who you are no matter what everybody else sees, this digital you is the opposite of a soul: It is all action and no intention†. The summary of this statement is that we are losing our privacy with the advance modern technology. Throughout the article, the author make statements about the negitivity of the side of digital fingerprints and online tracking. He mentioned it as a fact and did not offer it as a proposal. He put out his different